Conferenza Italiana sui Plasmi (CIP)

3 Feb 2026, 13:00 → 6 Feb 2026, 14:50 Europe/Rome

Bruno Brunelli hall (ENEA Centro Ricerche Frascati)

Lo scopo della "1° Conferenza Italiana sui Plasmi" è quello di dare una panoramica delle varie attività nel campo della scienza e della tecnologia dei plasmi e delle loro applicazioni che spaziano dall’astrofisica, alla fusione nucleare fino ai plasmi industriali e che vengono portate avanti a livelli di eccellenza in tutta Italia.

Le iscrizioni sono aperte.

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La conferenza inizierà martedì 3 febbraio 2026 alle ore 13:45.
La conclusione dei lavori nell’ultima giornata è prevista per le ore 12:30.

La registrazione e l’accredito dei partecipanti, con consegna del materiale congressuale, saranno aperti sul luogo il 3 febbraio dalle ore 12:30 e proseguiranno fino al termine dei lavori del 6 febbraio.

Per rimanere aggiornati sulle novità della conferenza segui il canale "1a conferenza sulla fisica dei Plasmi" su WhatsApp:

https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb6r9dSFi8xh8IavfP2a

Locandina

Tuesday 3 February

13:00 → 13:45 Accredito dei partecipanti

13:45 → 16:05 Sessione pomeridiana 3 febbraio 2026, 1/2

13:45 Apertura lavori

14:00 Overview of physics and technology of magnetic fusion in Italy

Developing fusion energy entails the combination of many different disciplines including plasma physics, materials physics and engineering, computer science. In this talk, an overview will be given of the physics and technology in view of magnetic fusion reactors, including the recent achievements, the current challenges and the main developments. The contributions that the new Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT) will offer for the development of fusion energy will be highlighted.
Starting from a historical perspective, we will discuss the main open issues in the magnetic confinement fusion physics development and report about the current effort in the international community to address them.
Key parts of the fusion technology program include the development of i) suitable materials for the different components/functions, resilient to fusion neutron damage and tolerant to gas production in order to meet lifetime performance requirements, and meeting the lifetime activation requirements in order to avoid geological disposal facilities; ii) a component/system to produce tritium and ensure tritium self-sufficiency while allowing the extraction of fusion power under conditions suitable for maintaining an efficient thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity; iii) a component/system to exhaust the power deposited in the plasma by alpha particles and delivered by external heating without damaging the in-vessel components and without adversely affecting the quality of the burning plasma; iv) superconducting magnets with reduced electrical and cryogenic consumption for the economics of fusion to be viable.
The integration of all fields is essential for understanding the plasma behaviour, for modelling the complex interactions needed to achieve a sustained fusion reaction,and designing and controlling a safe and sustainable fusion reactor.

Speaker: Paola Batistoni (ENEA)

Abstract_CIP_Batistoni_Martin_final.pdf

14:45 The DTT project: status and opportunities for the Italian scientific community

The Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT) [1] is a research infrastructure proposed first in the EFDA Roadmap [2] to investigate innovative solutions for the heat exhaust in the DEMOnstration fusion power plant.
DTT is a compact experiment (major radius R=2.2m, minor radius 0.7m) that mimic the heat generated by fusion reactions using a large amount of external heating power (up to 45MW at the plasma). The DTT plasma current of 5.5MA allows to achieve breakeven-class plasma conditions. The DTT magnet system (toroidal filed B=5.7T) will be made of superconducting components to allow long pulse operation (pulse length of the order of 100s). This, in turn requires all the in-vessel components be actively cooled.
DTT is presently under construction at the ENEA Frascati laboratory by a consortium (DTT s.c.ar.l.) that involves all the Italian public institutions working in fusion and the largest Italian energy company. The presentation will give a description of the scientific program and of the status of the construction.

Reference:
[1] F. Romanelli,et al., Nucl. Fusion 64, 112015(2024)
[2] F. Romanelli, et al., Fusion electricity. A roadmap to the realization of fusion energy. European Fusion Development Agreement, EFDA, ISBN 978-3-00-040720-8 (2012)
.

Speaker: Prof. Francesco Romanelli (University of Rome "Tor Vergata")

Abstract_DTT_Romanelli.docx

15:15 Connecting the edge to the divertor in tokamak plasmas

The fusion plasma research group at the University of Milano-Bicocca has recently expanded its research to the physics of the tokamak edge, i.e. the region between the confined plasma core, where the field lines do not intersect any solid surface, and the plasma-facing components (PFCs). In this contribution, we present an overview of the group’s ongoing activities in this area, starting from the plasma core and moving outwards to the PFCs.
The outermost region of the plasma core is of crucial importance for determining the overall plasma confinement and, in turn, the achievable fusion power in the perspective of a fusion power plant (FPP). In the so-called high-confinement mode (H-mode) [1], currently considered the reference scenario for FPPs, the edge region exhibits a strong reduction of outward transport. At the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak, we have correlated the power required to access H-mode with the microscopic shearing of turbulence driven by the E×B drift, itself linked to the ion heating [2]. This connection is currently being further investigated at the TCV tokamak through dedicated experiments, representing one of the first physics-based explanation of the H-mode power threshold.
Further outside, the separatrix, defining the boundary between the confined plasma and the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL), is a key interface region. We performed experiments at ASDEX Upgrade and TCV investigating the ion-to-electron temperature ratio, a critical parameter for confinement predictions, SOL heat flux calculations, and transport characterization, yet still poorly explored. Our results show that Ti/Te is mainly set by global electron and ion heat fluxes from the plasma core, while local effects play only a minor role [3].
Stepping further outward, the plasma-wall contact is usually localised in a dedicated region called the divertor. For reactor conditions, estimated peak heat loads on the divertor exceed material limits and therefore require effective mitigation. A key strategy is detachment, achieved by impurity injection, which radiates most of the heat and forms a recombining plasma layer in front of the PFCs, thus protecting them from direct exposure. In this contribution, we investigate the role of hydrogen molecules in this process and the bifurcating phenomena that arise during the transition to detachment [4].
Finally, to complete the overview, we will outline the group’s involvement in the design, development, and operation of edge diagnostics across different devices.

References:
[1] F. Wagner et al 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1408
[2] M. Cavedon et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 066026
[3] M. Cavedon et al 2025 Nucl. Fusion 65 106007
[4] L Scotti et al 2024 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 66 075004

This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, partially funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No 101052200 — EUROfusion). The Swiss contribution to this work has been funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union, the European Commission or SERI. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission nor SERI can be held responsible for them. This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Speaker: Marco Cavedon

15:45 Fusion power measurement through neutron-independent DT gamma-ray spectroscopy

Recent results from the DTE2 and DTE3 deuterium-tritium (DT) campaigns at the Joint European Torus demonstrated the feasibility of an alternative approach to measuring fusion yield, based on the absolute detection of DT fusion gamma rays emitted by the secondary branch of the DT reaction. Unlike conventional neutron-based fusion power diagnostics, this neutron-independent method does not require in-vessel calibration campaigns. Moreover, it can also be a convenient method for future aneutronic fusion fuels. This novel technique could provide neutron-independent validation of the fusion power achieved in scientific fusion experiments. At last, by improving the accuracy of fusion power measurements, this technique supports the safe and cost-effective operation of future fusion power plants, helping them to operate closer to their licensed performance limits.

Speaker: Giulia Marcer (ISTP-CNR)

16:05 → 16:25 Pausa caffè

16:25 → 18:50 Sessione pomeridiana 3 febbraio 2026, 2/2

16:25 An Overview of Current Research in Space and Astrophysical Plasmas

In this joint talk, we will provide an overview of plasma physics research in the context of space and astrophysical environments, charting a journey from our local heliosphere to distant compact objects. We will begin by covering the fundamentals of heliospheric plasmas, including the physics of the solar corona, the properties of the solar wind, and the dynamics of near-Earth plasmas [1]. We will then extend the discussion to astrophysical plasmas. We will mention the rich plasma dynamics associated with cosmic explosions, briefly discuss the properties and behaviour of relativistic outflows, and highlight the peculiarities of relativistic electron-positron plasmas [2]. Finally, we will review the interplay between astrophysical plasmas and cosmic rays, exploring the plasma physics processes at play in the acceleration and transport of energetic particles [3]. Our journey will culminate in a state of the art of plasma phenomena in the vicinity of compact objects such as black holes [4]. The tutorial will end with an overview of the current active research in space and astrophysical plasma physics within the Italian community.

References:
[1] Bruno R. and Carbone V., 2013, Living Review in Solar Physics, 10, 1
[2] Uzdenski and Rightley S., 2014, Reports on progress in Physics, 77, 036902
[3] Amato E. and Blasi P., 2018, Advances in Space Research, 62, 2731
[4] Galishnikova A., Philippov A., Quataert E., Bacchini F., Parfrey, K., and Ripperda, B., 2023,
Physical Review Letters, 130, 115201

Speakers: Dr Elena Amato (INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri), Sergio Servidio (University of Calabria)

AbstractCIP.pdf

17:10 Astrophysical jet modeling

Astrophysical jets are highly collimated outflows observed in a wide range of astronomical systems, from young stellar objects and X-ray binaries to active galactic nuclei (AGN). These jets are intimately linked to the accretion processes occurring around forming stars or supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. I will focus on the extragalactic case, where jets are accelerated to relativistic speeds. These structures span vast spatial scales, originating in the immediate vicinity of the central black hole and potentially extending over several megaparsecs. Their physics involve complex dynamics and non-linear processes, which are best investigated through numerical simulations. I will present the main results concerning their launching and collimation mechanisms, propagation, stability, and interaction with the surrounding medium. Finally, I will discuss methods for deriving realistic predictions of their radiative properties to enable meaningful comparisons with observations.

Speaker: Paola Rossi (INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino)

17:40 Energization and transport of cosmic rays in astrophysical plasmas

I will discuss the main plasma physics challenges to understand how particles scatter inside their acceleration region, around their sources and in the medium between the source and the observer. I will outline how non-linear process are expected to play a crucial role in all of these cases and their phenomenological implications.

Speaker: Pasquale Blasi (GSSI)

18:10 Revisiting the X-Ray Polarization of the Shell of Cassiopeia A Using Spectropolarimetric Analysis

X-ray synchrotron radiation is expected to be highly polarized. Thanks to the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), it is now possible to evaluate the degree of X-ray polarization in sources such as supernova remnants (SNRs). Jointly using IXPE data and high-resolution Chandra observations, we perform a spatially resolved spectropolarimetric analysis of SNR Cassiopeia A (Cas A). We focus on the 3–6 keV energy band on regions near the shell dominated by nonthermal synchrotron emission. By combining IXPE’s polarization sensitivity with Chandra’s higher spatial and spectral resolution, we constrain the local polarization degree (PD) and polarization angle across the remnant. Our analysis reveals PD values ranging locally from 10% to 26%, showing significant regional variations that underscore the complex magnetic field morphology of Cas A. The polarization vectors indicate a predominantly radial magnetic field, consistent with previous studies. Thanks to the improved modeling of thermal contamination using Chandra data, we retrieve higher PD values compared to earlier IXPE analysis and more significant detections with respect to the standard IXPEOBSSIM analysis. Finally, we also estimate the degree of magnetic turbulence η from the measured photon index and PD, under the assumption of an isotropic fluctuating field across the shell of Cas A.

Speaker: Alessandra Mercuri (Università della Calabria, via P. Bucci, cubo 33C, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy)

Wednesday 4 February

08:50 → 10:45 Sessione della mattina 4 febbraio 2026, 1/2

08:50 Low Temperature Plasmas: a bridge between Chemistry and Physics

A Low-Temperature Plasma (LTP) is a partially ionized gas in which electron energies are of the order of the ionisation potential of atoms and molecules, typically of a few eV, while the ions and the neutral are at low energy, close to room temperature. Essentially, this plasma represents a non-equilibrium system, with the electron temperature being higher than the ion temperature, even of orders of magnitude. In this kind of plasma, the interactions of neutrals with each other and with the wall play a particular role in the redistribution of energy, thus modifying, ultimately, the energy distribution function of the electrons. LTP are present in natural phenomena such as the interstellar medium and the aurora borealis, while laboratory and industrial LTP are of interest in various applied fields such as biomedicine, agriculture and food systems, energy, aerospace, electronics, materials science, environmental remediation and, more recently, plasma-catalysis.
Dusty Plasma (DP) and Non-Neutral Plasma (NNP) constitute two special classes of LTP deserving a dedicated discussion. DP is a complex LTP plasma that also contains charged micro- or nano-particles, which led to more complex dynamics and processes that are not found in LTP.
For DP the field of interest spans from the synthesis of functional nanoparticles, environmental monitoring, semiconductor fabrication, and understanding planetary formation processes.
In NNP the net charge creates an electric field large enough to play an important or even dominant role in the plasma dynamics. In the last years, these plasmas have attracted attention for the applications that can be derived for sophisticated devices, like free electron lasers, gyrotrons, or other electromagnetic wave generators.
LTP plasmas are characterised by multiple and complex physico-chemical processes occurring within them, which can be highlighted and studied through experimental setups equipped with appropriate diagnostic systems.
Furthermore, nowadays the need to create a synergy between experiments and theory is increasingly evident, and LTP are studied using multi-scale models (both on time and length) in which the result of the previous step becomes the input of the next step. These models are based on very accurate theoretical-computational methods, also due to the notable advances in HPC (High-performance computing). Of particular relevance in the study of LTP plasmas is the interplay between chemistry and physics, so that the introduction of the former can help to understand the occurrence of processes that would not otherwise occur. In this regard, it is worth mentioning a method, introduced in the 70s, which for many decades has been unique in the international scenario, this is the state-to-state approach used to study the kinetics, thermodynamic and transport properties of LTP (see [1] and references therein).
In this contribution, we will provide an overview of the key characteristics of LTP, with a specific focus on DP and NNP. We will highlight the chemical and physical processes that occur within these systems, as well as the theoretical modelling methodologies and experimental techniques used for their study and characterization. Additionally, we will emphasise the various applications of LTP. In this context, we will try to provide a comprehensive framework of the various Italian research groups that deal with the different aspects in the field of LTP.

Reference:

[1] M. Capitelli, et al. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. , 16, S30 (2007).

Speakers: Dr Maria Rutigliano (CNR-ISTP), Dr Vanni Antoni (CNR-ISTP, RFX)

Abastract_Rutigliano&Antoni.pdf

09:35 Dynamics of a two-dimensional fluid vortex explored via magnetized electron plasmas

A single-species (e.g., electron) plasma can have a theoretically indefinite lifetime in a magneto-electrostatic device such as a Penning-Malmberg trap, a linear, azimuthally-symmetric electrostatic confinement environment immersed in an intense axial magnetic field. Here the transverse dynamics of the sample is isomorphic to the one exhibited by a two-dimensional ideal fluid – with significant experimental advantages lying in the high degree of control on the system's parameters, such as initial conditions and active fluid strain perturbations, as well as the effective diagnostic opportunities [1,2].

An example of such 2D fluid dynamics is the evolution of l-fold symmetric fluid vortices. These structures may be observed in a range of natural environments, such as geophysical and astrophysical flows. Such vortices can be generated from an isolated, cylindrically symmetric vorticity patch and brought to the nonlinear deformation regime (V-state) by means of a resonant excitation of a single Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) mode. In the plasma analogue, this translates into perturbing an electron column of circular cross-section by means of oscillating multipolar electric fields [3]. The stability of V-states has been subject of investigation ever since Kirchhoff’s prediction in the case of a quadrupolar deformation and the generalisation by Deem and Zabusky for arbitrary deformation order [4].

We present here a review of our experimental and numerical investigations on this subject. We show first how we can exploit a combination of techniques to tune the initial radial vorticity profile. We analyse then some characteristic features of V-state insurgence and evolution, as the locking and the strength of the coupling between the perturbation and the external strain field. In particular, we observe the influence of the initial vorticity profile and the structure of the strain field on the vortex-forcing interaction. Following the forced and free relaxation of the V-state after its saturation, we observe that the decay to a “natural” axisymmetric equilibrium may be interrupted, in favour of permanently or intermittently deformed structures. We also implement an autoresonant (swept-frequency, self-locking) excitation scheme - useful, e.g., for the precise control of the KH mode growth – which shows again some peculiar features.

References:
[1] C. F. Driscoll and K. S. Fine, Phys. Fluids B 2, 1359 (1990).
[2] P. Wongwaitayakornkul, J. R. Danielson, N. C. Hurst, D. H. E. Dubin and C. M. Surko, Phys. Plasmas 29, 052107 (2022).
[3] G. Maero, N. Panzeri, L. Patricelli and M. Romé, J. Plasma Phys. 89, 935890601 (2023).
[4] G. S. Deem and N. J. Zabusky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 859 (1978).

Speaker: Giancarlo Maero (Università degli Studi di Milano)

10:05 Plasmas for Physical Vapor Deposition of nanostructured materials

Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a vacuum-growth method that allows the deposition of thin films and coatings on a substrate by physically vaporizing a source material and condensing it on the substrate [1]. PVD systems are of pivotal importance in many science and technology fields creating coatings that enhance a material's hardness, wear resistance, and appearance as well as constitute the active material themselves (e.g. in tandem photovoltaic cells). In many of such technique’s plasma, more specifically low temperature plasma, plays a fundamental role.
As an example, magnetron sputtering deposition system exploits a magnetically confined glow discharge plasma used to erode the source material ejecting atoms. The inhomogeneous magnetic field traps electrons near the target, increasing ionization and collisions with the sputtering gas, which leads to more efficient plasma generation and higher deposition rates. The high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge is a recent addition to plasma based sputtering technology. In HiPIMS, high power is applied to the magnetron target in unipolar pulses at low duty cycle and low repetition frequency. This results in a high plasma density, and high ionization fraction of the sputtered vapor, which allows better control of the film growth, down to the nanoscale, by controlling the energy and direction of the deposited species [2].
Also, in Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) the plasma generated during the laser matter interaction tailors the energy of the ejected species determining the features of the growing film. More interestingly depending on the ablation regime (femtosecond or nanosecond) completely different laser plasma scenarios are determined in terms of plasma density and temperature. In the nanosecond regime both ions and electrons interact with the laser pulse. In the fs regime laser matter interaction is only related to electrons being the ions still “frozen” in the crystal lattice. Such differences lead to completely different ablation dynamics that result in the ablation of atomic species or nanoparticles in the two above mentioned regimes [3,4].
In this contribution, we present the work performed at Politecnico di Milano and Nanolab showing the role of plasma parameters in determining the features of deposited films dealing with HiPIMS and PLD both in fs and ns regimes. We will show examples taken from the energy materials branch (i.e. fusion and fission coatings, photovoltaics and materials for laser driven ion acceleration). Finally, some of the models that have been developed to gain understanding of the discharge processes will be presented.

Reference:
[1] Zhenmin Li, Baosen Mi, Xun Ma, Ping Liu, et al. Chem. Eng. Journal, 477, 2023
[2] J. T. Gudmundsson, N. Brenning, D. Lundin, et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 30, 2012
[3] J. M. Conde Garrido, J. M. Silveyra, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 168, 2023
[4] S. Amoruso, G. Ausanio, R. Bruzzese, M. Vitiello, Phys. Rev. B, 71, 2005

Speaker: David Dellasega (Politecnico di MIlano)

10:35 Commemorazione di Mario Capitelli

Speaker: Olga De pascale (CNR, Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - sede di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

10:45 → 11:05 Pausa Caffè

11:05 → 13:00 Sessione della mattina 4 febbraio 2026, 2/2

11:05 Overview of Laser/Beam Plasma Interaction and Inertial Confinement Fusion Research and Developments in Italy

Italy has a long and prestigious history of research activity related to the field of laser/beam plasma interaction and inertial confinement fusion, dating back to the last century and spanning many decades. Pioneering experiments and theoretical research have been conducted in our country in this broad field, providing our research groups with the knowledge and expertise necessary to build significant progress and development.
This research area encompasses laser and particle beam interaction with plasmas, inertial confinement fusion, hydrodynamics and instabilities in laser plasmas, high-energy-density plasmas, laser- and plasma-based radiation and particle sources, ultra-intense laser interaction, high-field physics. Related research activities include theoretical and numerical modelling, preparation and execution of experiments, and development of tailored diagnostics.
In this overview we will illustrate current Italian activities on this field, relating them to the international context and to the prospects of this sector.

Speakers: Fabrizio Consoli (ENEA), Dr Anna Giribono (INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati)

Abstract_template_last.pdf

11:50 Biomedical applications of laser-driven particle beams: status and challenges

Laser–plasma accelerators have matured to the point where they can routinely generate multi-MeV to GeV electron beams and multi-tens of MeV proton and ion beams in centimetre-scale setups. Their hallmark features, sub-nanosecond to femtosecond pulse durations, ultra-high instantaneous dose rates, make them attractive candidates for compact sources in biomedical research and, in the longer term, radiotherapy. Recent technological progress in high-repetition-rate, high-intensity lasers, beam transport systems and diagnostics has enabled structured experimental programs that move beyond proof-of-principle demonstrations toward biomedical studies. On the application side, several dedicated beamlines now provide laser-driven particle beams for preclinical and multidisciplinary research. Facilities such as ELIMAIA/ELIMED at ELI Beamlines have established transport, energy-selection and dosimetry systems that deliver laser-accelerated proton and ion beams to in-air irradiation end stations, enabling controlled in-vitro studies. These infrastructures support radiobiology campaigns that interrogate normal-tissue and tumour response to ultra-short, ultra-intense proton and ion bunches, and allow comparisons with conventional cyclotron and synchrotron beams under well-defined conditions. Laser-driven electron beams are likewise being explored as candidates for very high energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy. Experiments have shown that laser-driven VHEE beams can be shaped to deliver clinically relevant dose distributions at depth, while maintaining beam parameters compatible with ultra-high dose-rate irradiation. More recently, laser-based platforms have demonstrated single-shot or few-shot delivery of therapeutic doses to biological samples with protons and electrons in the FLASH regime. Parallel efforts aim at laser-driven heavy-ion beams (e.g. carbon), coupling ion-optical systems and high-power lasers to explore the radiobiological efficacy of ultra-high dose-rate hadron beams and to assess their potential for future laser-based hadrontherapy.
Despite this rapid progress, formidable challenges must be overcome before laser-driven particle beams can transition from experimental platforms to clinically deployable systems. The most fundamental obstacles concern beam quality and stability: current sources typically exhibit broad energy spectra, large shot-to-shot fluctuations, limited maximum energies for ions, and tight constraints on useful field size and homogeneity. Sophisticated beam transport, energy-selection and focusing systems are required to tailor these beams to biomedical end stations without sacrificing the intrinsic advantages of compactness and ultrashort delivery. Equally critical is the development of robust, traceable dosimetry and online diagnostics suited to sub-nanosecond, ultra-high dose-rate beams, including single-shot charge, spectrum and spatial-profile measurements, as well as metrology frameworks that connect these measurements to primary standards.
This review will synthesize the status of biomedical applications of laser-driven particle beams across electrons, protons and ions, emphasizing established and emerging facilities, dosimetric and radiobiological methodologies, and benchmark experimental results. It will then critically analyse the outstanding technological, metrological and biological challenges that must be addressed to progress from laboratory-scale demonstrations to clinically competitive systems, outlining realistic pathways and priority research directions for the coming decade.

Speaker: Giada Petringa (INFN-LNS)

12:20 Advancing Laser–Plasma Radiation Sources for Materials Characterization in the field of Cultural Heritage Analysis

Laser–plasma radiation sources based on solid targets [1] are promising for a wide range of applications, from nuclear medicine to materials characterization. They are attractive because they can generate various types of radiation (e.g., high-energy electrons, ions, neutrons, and γ-rays), allow for energy tuning, and can operate within compact setups. This versatility relies on the precise control of laser and plasma parameters, which requires a solid understanding of plasma physics. The precise tailoring of plasma properties — by tuning laser intensity, target composition, thickness, and surface conditioning — enables control over the maximum energy of the accelerated particles [2, 3]. Therefore, laser–plasma radiation sources represent promising alternatives to conventional accelerators which, although based on mature technologies, remain limited in terms of flexibility and compactness.
Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) are complementary materials characterization techniques used in several fields, including artwork analysis [4]. They rely on the irradiation of samples with protons and photons to induce characteristic X-ray emission. As shown in recent proof-of-principle studies [5–7], PIXE and XRF could benefit from the use of laser–plasma radiation sources in the near future. Indeed, the energies of the accelerated particles and emitted photons are perfectly compatible with those required for the characterization of cultural-heritage materials.
This contribution presents our activities at Politecnico di Milano devoted to the development of laser–plasma radiation sources for materials characterization. We show our advances in terms of targets production (deposited metallic foils and near-critical double-layer targets), and we show its fundamental role in tuning the laser-plasma emitted radiation. Experimental and numerical results of laser-plasma interaction involving our targets are shown as well. Then, a study, performed with the ELIMAIA beamline [8] of the ELI Beamlines facility, of laser-driven PIXE and XRF techniques for the analysis of cultural-heritage materials is presented. Using a proof-of-principle setup [9], laser–plasma–emitted protons and photons were transported in air to irradiate certified reference materials, medieval bronzes, and Roman ceramics. By measuring the emitted characteristic X-rays, the composition of the irradiated samples was determined. This study lays the foundation for the development of laser–plasma accelerators tailored to the characterization of cultural-heritage materials, suggesting that this approach could achieve results comparable to those obtained with conventional sources, while maintaining the inherent versatility of laser-plasma systems.

[1] A. Macchi et al., Reviews of Modern Physics (2013) 85-2 
[2] F. Mirani, et al., Physical Review Applied 24.1 (2025): 014017
[3] I. Prencipe, et al., New Journal of Physics 23.9 (2021): 093015
[4] L. Sottili, et al. Applied Sciences 12.13 (2022): 6585
[5] F. Mirani et al., Science Advances (2021) 7-3 
[6] P. Puyuelo-Valdes et al., Scientific Reports (2021) 11-9998 
[7] M. Salvadori et al., Physical Review Applied (2024) 21-064020 
[8] D. Margarone, et al. Quantum Beam Science 2.2 (2018): 8
[9] F. Gatti et al., IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement (2024) 73-3536912

Speaker: Francesco Mirani (Politecnico di Milano, Department of Energy)

12:40 Simulation of Low Temperature, Weakly Ionized Plasmas with applications to electric power industry

Partial discharges (PDs) are among the main degenerative phenomena affecting electrical components in power networks. Several configurations can lead to PDs (Corona, Dielectric Barrier Discharges, Surface Discharges, etc); however, their key ingredients typically include the formation of a low-temperature, weakly ionized plasma, caused by a strong electric field, that interacts with a dielectric material. The interaction between the plasma and the primary insulating material (usually a polymer) causes ageing and depolymerization of the material. When PDs occur within an insulating material, they can promote the propagation of internal defects through a phenomenon known as electrical treeing, which may eventually result in the failure of the electrical component.
Simulation plays a major role in this field. In this work, we highlight some features of the most commonly used hydrodynamic models that make them challenging to solve from a numerical standpoint. We also discuss a few strategies that can be employed to reduce the computational burden. Other key aspects include the multi-scale and multi-physics nature of plasma–polymer interactions, for which we briefly present possible modelling approaches.
Finally, we provide an outlook on future work that may ultimately enable the simulation of electrical treeing and PD phenomena within this framework.

Speaker: Andrea Barbareschi Villa (RSE - Ricerca Sul Sistema Energetico)

abstract.pdf

13:00 → 14:00 Pausa pranzo

14:00 → 15:50 Sessione Poster 1 Magnetic Fusion Confinement Plasmas e Beam Plasmas & Inertial Fusion e coffee break

15:20 → 17:00 Sessione pomeridiana 4 febbraio 2026

15:20 Laser-Driven Electron and Ion Acceleration: Established Results and Progress

Laser-driven particle accelerators are emerging as a promising approach offering extremely high-gradient accelerating fields resulting in compact sources of high-energy electrons and ions characterized by ultra-short bunches duration, high peak current and high brightness[1,2]. Electrons are accelerated exploiting plasma wakefield acceleration that allowed to achieve multi-GeV beams chracterized by femtosecond durations and low emittance. Such beams are promising candidates for applications such as compact free-electron lasers [3], ultrafast imaging and novel radiation therapies [4]. Similarly, laser-driven ion acceleration, through mechanisms like target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) and hybrid approaches, produces energetic beams suitable for uses ranging from cultural heritage [5] to medicine [6] and high-energy-density physics.
In this talk an overview of the fundamental mechanisms behind electron and ion acceleration will be provided. Recent experimental achievements will then be discussed together with a perspective on the most promising applications.
References:
[1] E. Esarey, C. B. Schroeder and W. P. Leemans, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 1229 (2009).
[2] H. Daido, M. Nishiuchi and A. S. Pirozhkov, Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 056401 (2012).
[3] M. Galletti et al., Nature Photonics, 18 780-791 (2024).
[4] L. Labate et al., Sci. Rep. 10 17307 (2020)
[5] M. Salvadori et al. Phys. Rev. Applied, 21, 064020 (2024)
[6] F. Kroll et al., Nature Physics 18, 316-322 (2022)

Speaker: martina salvadori (CNR)

Abstract_Salvadori.pdf

15:50 Exploring the solar wind: a journey through in-situ observations

Over almost the past six decades, a fleet of space missions, strategically placed throughout the heliosphere at critical vantage points, have been devoted to the exploration of the interplanetary space, greatly advancing our knowledge of how the Sun influences the whole solar system, through the solar wind, a continuous flow of charged particles emitted by the outer layer of the solar atmosphere. The solar wind is the classical paradigm of a weakly collisional plasma for studying poorly understood fundamental phenomena that also occur in a variety of other astrophysical plasmas. Hence, the solar wind represents the best natural and accessible laboratory by interplanetary probes to directly study weakly collisional plasma phenomena. These include kinetic and fluid aspects of plasmas, such as plasma heating and acceleration, collisionless shock formation, particle acceleration and transport, magnetic reconnection, turbulence and waves.
Despite the low collisionality, the solar wind could present non-Maxwellian kinetic features in ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs), i.e. temperature anisotropies and beams, that carry important information about the kinetic processes that could determine the energy transfer between fluid and kinetic scales. These features have not yet been fully understood.
Moreover, during its journey through space, the solar wind interacts continuously with planets and other celestial bodies. In particular, it constitutes a coupled system with the Earth magnetosphere, playing a relevant role in the geomagnetic activity. Understanding the conditions in the solar system shaped by the Sun’s activity – known as Space Weather - is thus crucial, as they can affect satellite operations, communication systems, and even power grids on Earth.
This talk will try to give an overview on the solar wind characteristics observed at different heliocentric distances. In this context, a particular reference will be given to the Italian contribution to missions in operation (e.g. Solar Orbiter), highlighting new advances and issues that are still open.

Speaker: Raffaella D'Amicis (INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali)

16:20 On the possible occurrence of Bolgiano scaling in equatorial plasma bubbles/depletions

Ionospheric equatorial plasma bubbles/depletions are plasma density irregularities, which tend to develop under specific conditions during post-sunset hours and continue to evolve non-linearly into the post-midnight period. The Rayleigh–Taylor (Kruskal-Shafranov) instability mechanism is believed to be responsible for the formation of these depletions. An intriguing feature of equatorial plasma bubbles is the fact that their electron density energy spectra exhibit a power-law scaling behavior which has been interpreted as evidence of convective turbulence. In fact, if a gravitationally driven Rayleigh–Taylor instability can cause large-scale equatorial plasma bubbles, the E × B gradient drift instability can cause the unstable steep density gradients that form on the sides of equatorial plasma bubbles, resulting in irregularities with size ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Here, using data from the Limadou CSES-01 mission, we investigate the character of the turbulent plasma motion inside the plasma bubbles/depletions using high-resolution electric field measurements from the EFD experiment. The results suggest that inside these plasma structures there is evidence for the occurrence of Bolgiano scaling, which would be one of the first evidences for the existence of Bolgiano regime in quasi-2d real convective systems.

Speaker: Giuseppe Consolini (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica)

17:00 → 18:30 Tavolo progettuale tematico Astro

Astrophysical Plasmas: Collaborative Efforts and Key Initiative
Obiettivo: Panoramica sulle missioni spaziali presenti e future e sui grandi progetti nazionali, con
particolare attenzione alle possibilità di attivare collaborazioni e accedere a opportunità di
finanziamento in diversi contesti nazionali e internazionali.
Metodo: 5/6 panelists che avranno 10 minuti di tempo di esposizione.
30/40 minuti di contributi liberi, domande e dibattito
Panelists:
Francesco Berrilli (Sun cubE onE)
Silvano Fineschi (Space it Up!, Proba-3, Solar Orbiter)
Maria Federica Marcucci (HENON/Plasma Observatory)
Fabio Reale (MUSE)
Francesco Valentini (Plasma Observatory)
Moderatore: Marco Stangalini (ASI)

17:00 → 18:30 Tavolo progettuale tematico LTP

Paolo Ambrico, CNR-Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi, Bari
- Andrea Cristofolini, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Energia Elettrica e dell'Informazione "Guglielmo Marconi”
- Romolo Laurita, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale
- Emilio Martines, Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “Giuseppe Occhialini”
- Luca Matteo Martini, Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica
- Fabrizio Scortecci, Aerospazio Tecnologie Srl, Siena

Questo tavolo tematico riunirà la comunità italiana attiva nel campo della scienza e della tecnologia dei plasmi di bassa temperatura (LTP).
La sessione si aprirà mostrando i risultati di un questionario sul sistema scientifico-tecnologico italiano nel settore LTP (15 min).
Una tavola rotonda (30 min) vedrà la partecipazione di esperti invitati in rappresentanza di settori applicativi chiave, come la propulsione spaziale, i plasmi biologici e ambientali ed i plasmi per i materiali avanzati.
La sessione si concluderà con una discussione aperta (30 min) volta a promuovere il dialogo e la collaborazione tra ricercatori e stakeholder industriali.

Moderatori: Francesco Taccogna, Eugenio Ferrato

Thursday 5 February

09:00 → 10:20 Sessione della mattina 5 febbraio, 1/2

09:00 The EuPRAXIA project:goals and user facility

EuPRAXIA is the first European project devoted to create a particle accelerator research infrastructure based on plasma acceleration and laser and linac technology.
The project aims at developing plasma-based particle accelerator facilities, exploiting the intrinsic high gradient of up to 100 GV/m to improve the sustainability of particle accelerators. Furthermore, EuPRAXIA foresees to employ plasma-based acceleration to enable frontier science in new regions and parametric regimes, including future linear colliders and short wavelength FELs. The EuPRAXIA infrastructure is distributed all over Europe and includes two main sites for the construction of two FEL user facilities based on beam-driven and laser-driven plasma accelerators. The first site consists in the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB project, a new multi-disciplinary user-facility currently under development at Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF-INFN). The EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB accelerating facility will provide GeV-range electron beams, accelerated by means of an X-band normal conducting linac and a plasma module for Plasma WakeField Acceleration (PWFA). Downstream, the accelerated beams will drive two FEL beamlines, respectively named ARIA and AQUA, for experiments in the VUV and in the XUV soft x-rays spectral region. Furthermore, an ancillary beamline based on a betatron radiation source in the x-ray region, driven by laser-plasma interaction, is under construction at LNF within the framework of the EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources (EuAPS) project.

Speaker: Lucio Crincoli (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare)

09:30 Plasma physics in negative ion sources and challenges for MeV neutral beam injectors for fusion

Neutral beam injectors are widely used to provide magnetically confined plasmas with additional heating, current drive and, in the case of medium size devices, torque. ITER will feature 2(3) heating neutral injectors (HNBs) delivering up to 16.7 MW of neutral H0/D0 with 870 keV/1 MeV energy. Neutralization of positive ion beams at 1 MeV is practically impossible so that the precursor of the neutral beam has to be a H-/D- beam to be neutralized in a gas cell before reaching the ITER plasma. Such negative ions are electrostatically accelerated from an RF plasma source in which an hydrogen plasma is sustained by an inductively coupled discharge at 1 MHz. The generation of negative ions requires to properly tailor the plasma features by electric and magnetic fields and the evaporation of caesium in the ion source. Demonstrating the required performance for such injectors is the final goal of the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), hosted at Consorzio RFX (Padova, Italy) where a prototype of the HNB, named MITICA, is due to start operation in 2027. This work presents the main challenges in the operation of the negative ion source as well as the activities and future perspectives at the NBTF.

This work has been carried out within the framework of the ITER-RFX Neutral Beam Testing Facility (NBTF) Agreement and has received funding from the ITER Organization. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the ITER Organization. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium, funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101052200 — EUROfusion). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them.

Speaker: Antonio Pimazzoni (Consorzio RFX)

abstract_CIP2026_Pimazzoni.pdf

10:00 Fusion energy research with high power lasers in Europe: the HiPER+ programme

High‑power laser driven inertial fusion energy (IFE) is entering a pivotal phase in Europe, building upon the HiPER+ flagship initiative. Coordinated experimental access to existing national and international facilities supports laser development and the study of laser–plasma interactions and high‑energy‑density (HED) physics for direct‑drive implosions, providing a platform for advancing Inertial Confinement Fusion research. These initiatives mark a decisive step toward establishing a European framework for IFE, complementing magnetic confinement approaches and reinforcing Europe’s scientific role in the global fusion landscape. Ultimately, the goal of HiPER+ is to provide the foundation for a next‑generation European laser fusion facility capable of demonstrating ignition and high‑gain conditions, reinforcing Europe’s leadership in inertial fusion energy and its contribution to a sustainable, carbon‑free energy future.
In the presentation I will review the key physics challenges that remain for achieving efficient coupling of laser energy to the target, for mitigating hydrodynamic and parametric instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh‑Taylor, laser imprint, Brillouin and Raman scattering), and for optimising energy transport in warm dense matter. HiPER+ focuses on these issues through integrated design and simulations and experimental campaigns across major laser facilities such as ELI, PHELIX, LULI, PALS and smaller scale national laboratories for target and diagnostic development, as well as for training. I will discuss about parallel efforts tackling technologies—high‑efficiency diode‑pumped lasers, precision target fabrication and injection, radiation‑hard diagnostics, and materials for extreme environments. This coordinated effort bridges fundamental plasma physics and engineering design, establishing a clear pathway from laboratory‑scale ignition experiments to reactor‑relevant operation.
*Presented on behalf of the HiPER+ collaboration

Speakers: Leonida Antonio GIZZI (CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, Pisa, Italy), Petra Koester (CNR-INO, Italy)

Abstract_CIP_2026.pdf

10:20 → 10:40 Pausa caffè

10:40 → 11:30 Sessione della mattina 5 febbraio 2026, 2/2

10:40 Spettroscopia come finestra sul plasma: diagnosi e trasporto delle impurezze

La spettroscopia ottica rappresenta uno strumento fondamentale per lo studio dei plasmi da fusione, poiché consente di ottenere in modo non perturbativo informazioni cruciali sulle proprietà del plasma e sulla dinamica delle impurezze, determinanti per conoscere le perdite di energia
Il conseguimento simultaneo di un miglior confinamento energetico e di un basso confinamento delle impurità è un aspetto cruciale per la realizzazione di plasmi per la fusione nucleare, da cui il crescente impegno sperimentale, teorico e di modellizzazione in questo ambito in ogni configurazione magnetica (Tokamak, Stellarator, RFP).
L’analisi dell’emissione di continuo e di riga consente di riconoscere le specie presenti nel plasma, ricostruire la distribuzione spaziale e temporale delle specie presenti, determinarne i parametri di trasporto. Parametri locali come temperatura ionica e velocità di rotazione, densità e temperatura elettronica si possono determinare dal profilo spettrale di opportune righe di emissione o dal rapporto di riga delle specie intrinseche o iniettate nel plasma allo scopo diagnostico.
La diagnostica spettroscopica nei plasmi di RFX-mod in configurazione Reversed Field Pinch (RFP), ha evidenziato che negli scenari quasi elicoidali ad alta corrente (I>1MA) e confinamento migliorato le impurezze non penetrano il nucleo del plasma, evidenziando un profilo radiale della densità di impurezze che rimane cavo [1,2]. Si è anche potuta individuare la struttura macroscopica elicoidale del campo di velocità e confrontarla con le indicazioni fornite dalla modellizzazione MHD 3D nonlineare [3].
Questi aspetti rappresentano strumenti importanti per lo studio del trasporto di impurezze e per i meccanismi di limitazione delle turbolenze in generale, oltre ad esplorare prospettive di fusione della configurazione RFP.
La presentazione intende mostrare, attraverso esempi tratti da RFX-mod, come la spettroscopia sia una vera e propria finestra sul comportamento del plasma e un aiuto prezioso per controllarne le prestazioni.
Il nuovo impianto RFX-mod2, grazie a diagnostiche [4] e a un sistema di controllo in tempo reale potenziati con i fondi del progetto PNRR NEFERTARI (New Equipment for Fusion Experimental Research & Technological Advancements with Rfx Infrastructure), permetterà di ampliare le conoscenze e la comprensione della fisica del plasma, sia in configurazione tokamak a bassa corrente, sia in configurazione RFP.

Riferimenti:
[1] S Menmuir et al 2010 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 52 09500
[2] T.Barbui et al .2015 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57 025006
[3] F.Bonomo et al Nucl. Fusion 51 (2011) 123007
[4] L. Carraro et al 2024 Nucl. Fusion 64 076032

Speaker: Lorella Carraro (Consorzio RFX)

Lorella_Carraro_Abstract_CIP26.pdf

11:10 PROTO-SPHERA: a “bridge” between laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

The PROTO-SPHERA experiment is based upon a new magnetic confinement scheme, which aims at producing – in its Phase-2 – a Spherical Torus (with IST≤300 kA) around a Plasma Centerpost (a Screw Pinch with Ie=70 kA) fed by electrodes of annular shape. The torus current is sustained through Helicity Injection from the centerpost; phenomelogical evidences suggest the presence of a MHD dynamo field lasting for periods far greater than the resistive relaxation time.
In particular, 3D tomographic reconstructions of the visible light emitted by the plasma highlight the presence of a quasi-static closed magnetic domain, which is originated and sustained as a result of the onset of resistive MHD instabilities. These events are not axisymmetric neither in the topology nor in the spatial distribution; moreover, they correlate with saw teeth recorded on the axial/poloidal flux probes and corresponding to magnetic reconnections, in this context known as dynamo relaxation events.
PROTO-SPHERA experiment was inspired by jet-torus configurations which are common around compact objects in astrophysics (i.e. the Pulsar Wind Nebulae) and are described by force-free equilibria. It is worth noting that, unlike other self-organized laboratory plasmas like Spheromaks and RFPs, PROTO-SPHERA lacks a flux conserver and is therefore a better candidate for laboratory astrophysics activity.
Despite the lack of a flux conserver, PROTO-SPHERA displays ideal MHD stability; furthermore, a significant rotation of plasma in toroidal direction around the centerpost acts as a further stabilizing feature.
The dynamics of radial helicity transport in an open system is nonetheless not fully understood; in fact, in this operational phase (i.e. Ie≤10 kA), there is evidence – when the torus is formed and sustained – of an axial current flowing outside the torus itself, still to be fully investigated, that seems to allow for the correct helicity flow from the external region with open field lines to the nested flux surfaces of the torus also at low Ie level.
PROTO-SPHERA experiment is currently undergoing a major upgrade, with the aim of installing a more complete diagnostic set and of addressing the presence of spurious current loops. An improved diagnostics coverage will be required for kinetic measurements and for magnetic topology reconstruction during Phase-2 (with full currents); in this phase, energy confinement quality inside the torus will be addressed, in view of a possible application of this new configuration to magnetic fusion.
In fact, if the energy confinement shall be of good quality many problems that affect the standard Tokamak configuration could be solved. In particular this kind of magnetic configuration is intrinsically stationary (due to the Helicity Injection from the screw pinch to the torus), does not need any additional heating system and is disruption free.

Speaker: Paolo Micozzi (ENEA)

AbstractCIP_Micozzi.pdf

11:30 → 13:00 Tavolo Formazione (Coordinato da Alessandro Maffini, Politecnico di Milano)

13:00 → 14:00 Pausa pranzo

14:00 → 15:40 Sessione poster P2 Space & Astrophysical Plasmas e Low Temperature and Dusty Plasmas e Pausa Caffè

15:40 → 17:00 Sessione del pomeriggio 5 febbraio 2026

15:40 Advances on Laser-Plasma-Interaction Diagnostics for Inertial Confinement Fusion and Particle Acceleration

The development of advanced diagnostic techniques is crucial for understanding complex physics at the base of laser-plasma interaction at high energy and intensity. The extreme conditions generated during these experiments, characterized by ultra-intense fields, evolving plasmas, and broadband radiation emission, pose significant challenges for diagnostics, requiring innovative approaches to get measurements useful to interpret the underlying physics and control the interaction process. This is particularly true for example in advanced Direct-Drive (DD) schemes of ICF or in most laser-driven particle acceleration schemes.
In ENEA, we have long historical experience on fusion, laser-generated plasmas and radiation (both electromagnetic emissions and accelerated particles), and related diagnostics. The characterization of laser-generated plasmas and of the associated radiation is a crucial aspect for ongoing research on ICF, laser-plasma acceleration and on application of laser-plasmas to a multidisciplinary range of different areas, such as medical studies and material science. Tailored diagnostics are the key for enabling optimization and control of the laser-plasma interaction mechanisms, since they provide feedback for operating on the development of suitable advanced targets.
This presentation will provide an overview of the main results achieved in recent years by our ENEA group, in collaboration with both national and international research teams, with focus on innovations and specific requirements posed by these particular fields of application. Recent advancements in diagnostic instrumentation and data analysis methods will be discussed. In our work, we paid particular attention to the high repetition rate regime of operation, fundamental for future ICF reactors and particle acceleration facilities, the high sensitivity of the diagnostic instruments and the broad energy range that they are capable of analyzing, important for getting deeper insight in the physics of laser-matter interaction in advanced DD-ICF schemes, like Shock Ignition and Fast Ignition, in particle acceleration schemes and also for the characterization of low-yield laser-triggered nuclear fusion reactions, such as p-11B. These features put these diagnostic methodologies well beyond the state-of-the-art, and enhance their role in advancing the frontiers of plasma physics knowledge, pushing beyond our understanding of plasma processes.

Speaker: Francesco Filippi (ENEA)

Abstract_Filippi.pdf

16:10 From plasma physics to electric propulsion: magnetic reconnection for future space thrusters

Recent advances in the space sector have led to new improvements in propulsion capabilities for the next generation space missions. Foreseen interplanetary missions such as the Cislunar space stations, cargo missions to Mars, and possibly human exploration of Mars call for novel, more advanced propulsion systems, with Electric Propulsion (EP) systems playing a significant role in this scenario [1], given their high efficiency combined with lower propellant consumption.
Mission energy demands (delta-V) are increasing, requiring propulsion systems with high exhaust velocities to minimize propellant consumption. Specific impulse (Isp), defined as thrust-to-propellant weight flow ratio, is a key performance metric, with higher Isp indicating greater exhaust velocity. Additionally, high thrust levels are essential for reducing maneuver time and propellant usage. EP has been considered for high delta-V missions since the mid-20th century. The most common systems include electrostatic accelerators like ion and Hall thrusters, with Isp between 2000-4000s limited by the electric field strength.
In light of what has been said, it is evident that next-generation space missions would require low-weight thrusters with higher thrust and specific impulse to obtain the required delta-V.
The current strategy to develop a thruster with higher levels of thrust and specific impulse involves the scaling up process of notable conventional electric propulsion. However, this strategy poses a serious problem: the scaling laws towards high power and high thrust engines depend mostly on increasing the thruster footprint. Therefore, developing a thruster for very high-power applications will impact the spacecraft overall dimensions and weight.
The advanced studies in the field of electric propulsion then have mostly focused on innovative and possibly groundbreaking concepts capable of overcoming the current limits of the state-of-art.
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in developing an innovative thruster based on magnetic reconnection (MR) as main acceleration mechanism [2]. MR is a common phenomenon in space and laboratory plasmas [3]. It occurs in solar flares, planetary magnetospheres, jets from active galactic nuclei, neutron stars, laser-plasma interactions, astrophysical dynamos, and toroidal plasmas in fusion experiments. It releases magnetic energy, converting it into kinetic and thermal energy, accelerating particles to non-thermal velocities and generating waves and turbulence. Harnessing this mechanism, observed in natural phenomena like solar flares and coronal mass ejections, offers a way to produce high-power plasma jets for spacecraft propulsion. Magnetic reconnection, involving the breaking and reconnecting of antiparallel magnetic field lines, has potential as a main acceleration mechanism, although prior attempts to use it for space thrusters have been limited.
In this contribution, we present the work performed at University of Pisa and Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the field of magnetic reconnection thruster [4], showing the different approaches undertaken to conceptualize the thruster, and the methodology adopted to verify its functionality.
In particular, we have been investigating the plasma generated by multiple flux ropes, and the MR phenomena obtained by the flux ropes collision when affected by the kink instability. The MR event within this setup accelerates the ions primarily in the radial and axial direction, from which we can obtain a net thrust at the exit of the thruster. Preliminary estimations highlight how the effective specific impulse from this concept can be as high as 10000s.
Reference:
[1] Levchenko, Igor, Dan M. Goebel, and Kateryna Bazaka. "Electric propulsion of spacecraft." Physics Today 75.9 (2022): 38-44.
[2] Ebrahimi, F., “An Alfvenic reconnecting plasmoid thruster,” Journal of Plasma Physics, Vol. 86, No. 6, 2020, p. 905860614. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377820001476.
[3] Hesse, M., & Cassak, P. A. (2020). Magnetic reconnection in the space sciences: Past, present, and future. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 125(2), e2018JA025935.
[4] Becatti, G. & Herdrich, G. (2024, May). Magnetic reconnection based thruster for high specific impulses space missions. In 9th Space Propulsion Conference (SP2024_484).

Speaker: Giulia Becatti (University of Pisa)

CIP2026_Becatti.pdf

16:40 Overview of CIRA development in Plasma Space Propulsion

Il Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (CIRA) dal 2015 è impegnato nella ricerca e sviluppo di tecnologie di propulsione elettrica spaziale, con focus su propulsori al plasma che possano abilitare le missioni spaziali di prossima generazione (es. richiedenti alta efficienza, utilizzo di risorse in sito e/o propellenti atmosferici, spinte molto basse e talvolta alte). Le attività di ricerca condotte al CIRA comprendono lo sviluppo e la caratterizzazione di sorgenti elettroniche, ovvero Catodi Cavi, propulsori ad effetto Hall, motori a griglia, concetti innovativi (come HEMPT, HELICON, MPD), Propulsori Air-Breathing, tecniche diagnostiche avanzate (ad esempio Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy) e strumenti numerici per la caratterizzazione del plasma e la progettazione/ottimizzazione delle prestazioni dei propulsori.
Nel contesto più ampio della comunità italiana del plasma, il lavoro del CIRA contribuisce a mantenere un elevato standard di eccellenza nella ricerca sul tema e rafforza il ruolo della propulsione elettrica come tecnologia strategica per il futuro delle missioni spaziali.

Speakers: Dr Francesco Battista (Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali), Mario Panelli (Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali)

EP_CIRA_schema.png

17:00 → 18:30 Tavolo progettuale Plasma Beam

17:00 → 18:30 Tavolo progettuale tematico Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas

Tavolo progettuale:
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas: Collaborative Efforts and Key Initiative
Obiettivo: Panoramica sulle iniziative e sui progetti presenti e futuri, con particolare attenzione alle
possibilità di attivare collaborazioni e accedere a opportunità di finanziamento in diversi contesti
nazionali e internazionali.
Metodo: 5 panelist che avranno 10 minuti di tempo di esposizione.
40 minuti di contributi liberi, domande e dibattito
Panelist (ambito prevalente):
Nicola Vianello (EUROfusion)
Paola Batistoni (Partnership pubblico-private in ambito EUROfusion)
Franco Porcelli (Cina)
Francesco Romanelli (DTT)
Francesco Pegoraro (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei)
Moderatrice: Olga De Pascale

Friday 6 February

09:00 → 10:20 Sessione della mattina 6 febbraio 2026, 1/2

09:00 Theory and simulation of phase space transport in burning plasmas

Burning plasmas in fusion reactors are complex systems where energetic particles (EP) play a fundamental role in cross-scale interactions [1]. This study reviews phase space zonal structures (PSZS) [2-5] and their significance in transport analyses. Using synthetic diagnostics from the HMGC and ORB5 codes [6,7], we illustrate the role of PSZS in capturing transport dynamics in burning plasmas Gyrokinetic simulations accurately. While transport studies assume Maxwellian equilibria, for EPs and burning plasmas in general, a more comprehensive description is needed to capture self-organization processes. By deriving governing equations for PSZS using multi-scale perturbation theory, we can model modifications of the equilibrium caused by resonant interactions. This approach allows us to recover standard transport equations in the proper limit.

A new phase space transport workflow called ATEP [8] is proposed to accurately describe PSZS dynamics. This workflow enables us to restart Global Gyrokinetic codes from PSZS distributions, extending simulations over long time scales without assuming a model distribution function. By comparing global gyrokinetic simulation results, e.g, from ORB5, and ATEP we effectively construct a hierarchical approach for PSZS evolution. Additionally, we introduce the Dyson-Schrödinger model (DSM) [9] in the hierarchy of transport models, filling the gap between ORB5 and ATEP. A numerical workflow [10] based on the PEANUTS suite of codes is presented to solve DSM.

[1] L. Chen and F. Zonca, Reviews of Modern Physics 88, 015008 (2016).
[2] F. Zonca et al., New Journal of Physics 17, 013052 (2015).
[3] F. Zonca et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 57, 014024 (2015).
[4] M. V. Falessi and F. Zonca, Physics of Plasmas 26, 022305 (2019).
[5] M. V. Falessi, L. Chen, Z. Qiu, and F. Zonca, New Journal of Physics 25, 123035 (2023).
[6] S. Briguglio et al., Physics of Plasmas 21, 112301 (2014).
[7] A. Bottino et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2397, 012019 (2023).
[8] P. Lauber et al., Nuclear Fusion 64, 096010 (2024).
[9] F. Zonca et al., Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1785, 012005 (2021).
[10] G. Wei et al., Physics of Plasmas 31, 072505 (2024).

Speaker: matteo Valerio falessi (Center for Nonlinear Plasma Science and C.R. ENEA Frascati, Frascati, Italy)

09:30 Plasma start-up in tokamaks: experimental studies and modelling

Plasma start-up is a critical phase in tokamak operation and becomes particularly challenging in superconducting devices such as ITER, where the low toroidal electric field (E ∼ 0.3 V m⁻¹), stray poloidal fields, and residual impurities constrain ohmic initiation and can result in either breakdown failure or radiation-limited burn-through. Electron Cyclotron (EC) waves can mitigate these limitations by providing localized pre-ionization, assisting burn-through, and facilitating the initial current formation.
This contribution reviews recent experimental and numerical results from the CNR-ISTP group. Early studies on FTU addressed fundamental aspects of plasma formation [1], while investigations on TCV and ASDEX Upgrade [2] expanded these insights. On JT-60SA [3], the largest superconducting tokamak in operation prior to ITER, the effects of Trapped Particle Configurations (TPCs) and Field Null Configurations (FNCs) on EC-assisted start-up were explored, highlighting the role of magnetic topology in breakdown dynamics and burn-through efficiency. Complementary numerical modelling provides a basis for interpreting these results and extrapolating them to ITER [4], accounting for the influence of impurities, EC assistance, and electromagnetic constraints, thereby supporting the robust design of start-up scenarios.

Reference:

[1] G. Granucci et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093025
[2] Ricci D, EPJ Web Conf. 277 02001
[3] T. Wakatsuki et al 2024 Nucl. Fusion 64 104003
[4] X. Litaudon et al 2024 Nucl. Fusion 64 112006

Speaker: Daria Ricci (CNR-ISTP)

10:00 MHD simulations of expanding magnetic clouds in a turbulent interplanetary plasma: virtual spacecraft analysis of magnetic cloud coherence and structure

Magnetic clouds are multi-scale structures: coronal flux ropes evolve to become as wide as 0.2 AU near the Earth; their magnetic fields vary on scales smaller than their average size, and present turbulent fluctuations. We perform high resolution 2.5D MHD simulations to study a magnetic flux rope cross section in the expanding solar wind together with turbulence: we investigate how turbulence and expansion impact the magnetic cloud coherence, using virtual spacecraft. The flux rope cross section expands at large scales due to the solar wind flow and to internal magnetic forces, whereas turbulence distorts, deflects, and reshapes the plasma at intermediate and small scales. We find that magnetic cloud coherence is dominated by expansion and internal magnetic forces: clear and stable signatures are present inside the flux rope core; turbulence becomes effective when magnetic tension is weak, and mixed signatures appear at the flux rope edges. Fast expansion implies a more elongated cross section: magnetic cloud signatures encountered across a wider angle. Strong turbulence can produce a more asymmetric and distorted cross section: different plasma profiles appear at different angles. Mixed signatures at the edges depend mainly on how well magnetic tension bounds the flux rope field, and they disappear for narrow flux ropes. Implication of such study of the forthcoming HENON mission will be discussed.

Speaker: Simone Landi (Università di Firenze)

10:20 → 10:40 Pausa caffè

10:40 → 11:30 Sessione della mattina 6 febbraio 2026, 2/2

10:40 Energy conversion and dissipation in nearly-collisionless, turbulent space and astrophysical plasmas

Space and astrophysical plasmas are non-equilibrium systems. Turbulence is the most prominent phenomenon bridging the vast separation between large energy-containing scales and small kinetic scales. At these scales, diverse kinetic mechanisms, ranging from wave-particle interactions to micro-instabilities and magnetic reconnection, contribute to the conversion of energy between the electromagnetic field and the plasma, eventually leading to energy dissipation, plasma heating, and particle energization. Owing to the typically weak collisionality, energy conversion occurs in the entire six-dimensional phase space, giving rise to distorted non-thermal velocity distribution functions. This also implies that kinetic models are needed to fully understand the fundamental mechanisms responsible for energy conversion and dissipation in space and astrophysical plasmas.

In this talk, I will outline (some of) the most significant open questions tackled within the community in the last years, highlighting the synergy between in-situ observations and numerical simulations and the methodologies and outcomes. In particular, I will introduce the concept of phase-space turbulence, in which the production of phase-space disturbances in the plasma distribution function at different scales is envisioned as phase-space cascade processes. Finally, I will comment on the "thermodynamics" of nearly-collisionless plasmas, aka on the tension between the formal reversibility of many energy conversion mechanisms and the need for restoring irreversibility in nearly-reversible systems.

Speaker: Oreste Pezzi (CNR-ISTP)

11:10 The Trapped Electrons Experiment T-REX

Gyrotrons are essential devices for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) in magnetic fusion reactors, and need to deliver MW-level power continuously and reliably. However, experiments have revealed that undesired trapped electrons in the magnetron injection gun (MIG) region, can cause to internal damages due to arcs, and large electron currents that its power supplies cannot withstand. Currently, tight manufacturing tolerances are required for the MIG geometry [1], making their manufacturing costly. Understanding the physical principles behind such phenomena could allow relaxing these tolerances. To address this, we have a novel and unique plasma experiment named "the TRapped Electrons eXperiment" (T-REX) has been established at the Swiss Plasma Center of EPFL. It is designed to investigate the physics of trapped electron clouds in gyrotron MIGs [2].
T-REX can replicates the electric and magnetic fields and geometries of a MIG, and it is supported by 3D Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations with the FENNECS code [3–6]. The T-REX setup is composed by two coaxial electrodes - with a specific geometry that ensures the formation of trapping potential wells - installed in a vacuum chamber sitting on top of a superconducting magnet. The central electrode is biased to negative DC voltages and the outer one is at ground, creating a radial electric field up to 2MV/m and an axial magnetic field B < 0.4T. This setup mimics the principle of Penning-Malmberg traps. The electron cloud forms spontaneously once a certain voltage threshold is reached. The electrons are trapped in the potential well and rotate azimuthally very fast due to the ExB leading to the creation of even more electrons by ionizing the residual neutral gas. The T-REX experiment is equipped with multiple diagnostics. Currently, time-resolved (kHz) current measurements of the main experiment components are performed, as well as optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to attempt extracting local electric and magnetic field via Stark and Zeeman effects. Also available is streak camera imaging (GHz) to observe cloud dynamics. Finally, a system of 32 planar current probes has been installed at the top of the electrodes assembly to measure radial and azimuthal electrons distribution, but also to detect fast rotating structures, having 3-7 probes with a cutoff frequency of 1 GHz, and the remaining in the 100s of kHz to still measure plasma oscillations. Currently, we have remarkable agreement between experiments and simulations in terms of the magnitude of the observed currents and the threshold in E and B fields for the spontaneous formation of the electron cloud. We also found that 3D simulations are required to fully simulate the physics of trapped electron clouds in coaxial geometries. In particular, we found the crucial role of the diocotron instability, as it directly influences the spatial repartition of the currents and their bursty dynamics. The results of T-REX and FENNECS provide new understanding on nonneutral plasmas in conditions mimicking those of a real gyrotron MIG and prepare the way to enhance gyrotron performance and reliability in fusion energy systems.

Speaker: Dr Francesco Romano (Swiss Plasma Center - EPFL)

MeasTREX.pdf

11:30 → 12:30 Round table: Quale futuro?

12:30 → 12:35 Chiusura dei lavori