Speaker
Description
The increasing risk posed by radiological terrorism and the evolving geopolitical landscape have highlighted the need to continuously strengthen national radiation protection systems against intentional releases of radioactive materials. Among the most challenging scenarios are Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDDs, “dirty bombs”) and Improvised Nuclear Devices (INDs), which may produce severe consequences not only in terms of radiation exposure but also through widespread social disruption, economic losses, and psychological impacts. Building upon the experience gained from the analysis of historical CBRNe incidents, the Italian National Emergency Plan for Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies (EP-RN), and recent research activities conducted at the University of Rome Tor Vergata, this work proposes an integrated risk analysis framework aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the current Italian radiation protection system and identifying opportunities for improvement. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of combining emergency planning, scientific research, and crisis communication to enhance national preparedness against radiological emergencies. The proposed methodology combines qualitative and semi-quantitative risk assessment with consequence modelling, emergency response analysis, and stakeholder evaluation across all phases of crisis management, including preparedness, detection, response, recovery, and public communication. Particular attention is devoted to decision-making processes under uncertainty, interoperability among first responders, integration of radiation monitoring networks, emergency medical management, and protective actions for the population. The study also considers the role of advanced technologies, decision support systems, artificial intelligence, and digital communication tools in supporting emergency managers while reducing misinformation and improving public trust. The analysis identifies critical vulnerabilities related to operational coordination, information sharing, radiological monitoring capabilities, and risk communication, particularly in complex urban environments. Based on these findings, a series of recommendations is proposed to strengthen the Italian radiation protection framework through enhanced interagency cooperation, optimized emergency procedures, improved training programmes, and the adoption of risk-informed planning approaches. The proposed framework may also support other countries seeking to increase resilience against intentional radiological events while contributing to the continuous evolution of international CBRNe preparedness and response strategies.