Space and astrophysical plasmas are non-equilibrium systems. Turbulence is the most prominent phenomenon bridging the vast separation between large energy-containing scales and small kinetic scales. At these scales, diverse kinetic mechanisms, ranging from wave-particle interactions to micro-instabilities and magnetic reconnection, contribute to the conversion of energy between the...
Gyrotrons are essential devices for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) in magnetic fusion reactors, and need to deliver MW-level power continuously and reliably. However, experiments have revealed that undesired trapped electrons in the magnetron injection gun (MIG) region, can cause to internal damages due to arcs, and large electron currents that its power supplies cannot withstand....
