A Low-Temperature Plasma (LTP) is a partially ionized gas in which electron energies are of the order of the ionisation potential of atoms and molecules, typically of a few eV, while the ions and the neutral are at low energy, close to room temperature. Essentially, this plasma represents a non-equilibrium system, with the electron temperature being higher than the ion temperature, even of...
A single-species (e.g., electron) plasma can have a theoretically indefinite lifetime in a magneto-electrostatic device such as a Penning-Malmberg trap, a linear, azimuthally-symmetric electrostatic confinement environment immersed in an intense axial magnetic field. Here the transverse dynamics of the sample is isomorphic to the one exhibited by a two-dimensional ideal fluid – with...
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a vacuum-growth method that allows the deposition of thin films and coatings on a substrate by physically vaporizing a source material and condensing it on the substrate [1]. PVD systems are of pivotal importance in many science and technology fields creating coatings that enhance a material's hardness, wear resistance, and appearance as well as constitute...
